

Glass 
Book 



QUICK RULES /^ 

HEATING AND 
VENTILATING 



By 
Wm. T. Baldwin, Tr. 

Heating and Ventilating Engineer 



1907 

Published by Wm. J. Baldwin, Jr. 

New York 



PRICE ONE DOLLAR 



I will avoid whys and wherefores. 

The first question which generally presents 
itself is : What is the best heating system for the 
particular building in hand? 

The second question : How to determine 
fairly accurately the sizes of the necessary princi- 
pal parts of the apparatus ? 



Heating Apparatus best suited 
For the Residence 

First : Indirect Hot Water is the ideal 
system. (The cost of installation and mainte- 
nance makes it generally prohibitory.) 

Second : Direct Hot Water is the practical, 
commercial way of warming a residence. 

Third : The Steam Heating Apparatus for a 
residence should preferably be used only in the 
case of indirect radiation. 

Fourth : The Hot Air Furnace for a resi- 
dence should invariably be avoided. 



For the School 

First : The Fan Blower System with a steam 
tempering coil to temper the air, supplemented 
at the base of each flue with indirect stacks to 
warm the air. 

Direct Radiators in all rooms and halls. 

A Vent Fan System for exhausting the foul air. 

(This makes an ideal school, heating and 
ventilating system.) 

Second : A less expensive apparatus can be 
installed by omitting the indirect stacks at the 
base of the flues, and enlarging the tempering 
stack. 

The vent or outlet fans are sometimes 
omitted to reduce the cost. 

The direct radiators are sometimes omitted 
as a further means of reducing the cost of 
installation. 



Note. When the fan blower becomes in- 
operative during cold weather, school must be 
dismissed if there are no direct radiators. 



For the Church 

Install whatever system the board of wardens 
or vestrymen unanimously agree on. If they 
cannot agree (and they won't) you can in- 
variably anticipate trouble no matter what sys- 
tem is installed. 

First : Direct Steam Radiators in the en- 
trance halls and all small rooms. 

A Fan Blower and Tempering Coil System 
with warm air flues and inlets 8 ft. above the 
floor line in the church. 

A vent fan system with flue openings near 
floor and the ceiling with means of closing the 
ceiling outlets. 

Second. A less expensive apparatus can be 
installed by omitting the fan-blower and tem- 
pering coil and installing direct radiators 
throughout. 



For the Theatre 

Direct Steam Radiators in entrance halls. 

Wall coils on the stage (very large). 

For the Auditorium; the Plenum System with 
fan-blower and steam tempering coil. 

Warm air inlets below each seat of the audi- 
torium and first balcony. 

For the Dressing Rooms. Direct radiators 
with ventilation if possible. 

Ventilation. A vent fan system in roof 
space above centre ceiling opening with vent 
flues leading to the rear of the auditorium and 
below the balconies. 

Dormitory Buildings 

Indirect Hot IVater system with warm air 
flues to each room. 

Direct hot water radiators in halls. 



7 



Hospitals 

{For small buildings) 

Indirect Hot Water system with warm air 
flues to each room. 

Vent Fan System and flues for removing 
foul air. 

{For large buildings) 

Where steam will be kept up day and night 
the Indirect Steam Heating System with fan 
blower and tempering coil, supplemented at 
the base of each flue with indirect stacks. 

The Vent Fan System and vent flues. 

Temperature regulation should be installed. 



Office Buildings, Lofts 
and Factories 

Where exhaust steam can be had in abun- 
dance from electric light engines, etc., it is 
economy to use it for heating purposes. 

Direct Steam is the most practical and gen- 
erally adopted system for the above class of 
buildings. 

8 



Hotels and Apartment 
Houses 

(High Class Building) 

First. Direct Hot Water , as less expensive 
to maintain and ideal as to comfort. 



Second. Direct Steam, as less expensive to 
install. 



The Garage 

Direct Hot Water Coils. 

Note. The boiler should be placed in an 
adjoining building to prevent possibility of 
fire or explosion. 



The Conservatory and Com 
mercial Green House 

Hot Water System (Special design). 



Size of 
Radiators, Chimney, Grate 
Boiler, etc. 



With the preceding few suggestions as to the 
best systems of heating, I will now proceed to 
give a few rules for determining fairly accu- 
rately the size of the principal parts of the 
heating apparatus. 



The dimension of almost every part of the 
heating apparatus depends upon the amount 
of radiating surface (radiators, coils, etc.) 
necessary to warm the building. I will there- 
fore begin with radiators. 



10 



Radiators and Coils 



To determine the size radiators or coils 
necessary to warm a well constructed building 
or part thereof from zero to 70 Fah. : 



Rule i. Steam Radiators. Figure in square 
feet the glass surface of each outside window, 
glass door and skylight. 'Take seven-tenths 
of the total square feet of outside glass surface 
and tall it "G" (glass). 

Figure in square feet the surface of all out- 
side or cold walls (do not include the windows 
again) and all cold floors and ceilings. (Note. 
Where the rooms above, below and adjoining 
are warmed, the ceilings and floors and inside 
wall surface is not to be considered as cooling 
surface.) 

Divide the total square feet of outside cold 
wall surface by 15. Call this "W" (walls). 
Add "G" and "tV y] together and the answer 
will be the number of square feet of direct 
steam radiators or coils necessary to warm the 
room from zero to 70 Fah. 



1 1 



Rule 2. Hot Water Radiators. In de- 
termining the size of hot water radiators, figure 
the same as for steam and add to the total 
about 30 per cent, more radiating surface. 

Rule 3. Indirect Steam Radiators. 

(Without fan system.) 

It will require approximately twice the num- 
ber of square feet of indirect steam radiators to 
warm a room as would be required with direct 
steam radiators. 

Rule 4. Indirect Hot Water Radiators. 

It will require approximately 2*^ times the 
number of square feet of indirect hot water 
radiators to warm a room as would be required 
with direct hot water radiators. 



Note. Indirect hot water radiators should 
always be at least T4 inches deep and the sec- 
tions should be set somewhat closer than is 
required with indirect steam radiators. 



12 



Rule 5. Steam Tempering Stacks. 

(With fan blower.) 

(Supplemented with indirect coils at base of 
each heat flue.) 

To temper the air 50 Fah. will require 100 
square feet of heating surface in tempering 
stack for each 1 00,000 cubic feet of air deliv- 
ered into the building in an hour. 

Rule 6. Steam Tempering Stacks. 

(With fan blower.) 

(Without indirect coils at base of flues.) To 
warm the air from zero to 75 ° Fah. 150 
square feet of heating surface in tempering 
stack for each 100,000 cubic feet of air deliv- 
ered into the building in an hour. 



Note. (Avoid hot water tempering stacks 
with fan blowers, as there is great danger of 
freezing unless the system is most carefully 
designed and installed.) 



l 3 



Chimneys 

Rule 7. The chimney should be at least 
40 feet high when possible. 

The cross sectional area of the chimney in 
low buildings should be approximately y% the 
size of the grates in the boiler. 

In high -buildings 1/10 the size of the grates. 



A Few Don'ts for Chimne 



vs 



Don't have unnecessary openings into the 
chimney. 

Don't have offsets. 

Don't have long horizontal underground 
flue connections to chimney. 

Don't construct chimney with inside walls 
rough. 



14 



Grates 

Rule 8. In determining the size of the 
grate necessary (for small buildings) , allow one 
square foot of grate for each ioo square feet 
of direct radiators in building. 

For large buildings (where an Engineer is 
constantly in attendance), allow one square foot 
of grate for each 250 square feet of direct 
radiators. 

In determining the size of grates as com- 
pared with the horsepower, in large boilers 
allow 1 square foot of grate for each 2^ horse- 
power of steam used. 



Note. (The above rules for grate surface 
will vary, depending on the kind and quality 
of fuel used and upon the service for which 
the boiler is intended.) 



J 5 



Boil 



er 



Rule 9. To determine size of boiler 
necessary, take the total number of square 
feet of direct radiators and coils, plus the 
total number of square feet of outside sur- 
face of uncovered pipes, and add to the 
total 25 per cent, additional for safety. This 
will give you the size of the boiler in square 
feet of direct radiating surface as generally 
designated in the boiler maker's catalogue. 

Note. Where you have Indirect Radiators 
(without fan system) consider each square foot 
of Indirect Radiator as two square feet of 
Direct Radiators and increase the size of boiler 
accordingly. 

Where the Fan System is used, consider each 
square foot of Indirect Radiator equivalent to 
four square feet of Direct Radiators, and in- 
crease size of boiler accordingly. 

Note. To designate the size of the boiler 
in horsepower, divide the total number of square 
feet of direct radiating surface or equivalent by 
100; this will give approximately the horse- 
power of boiler required. 

16 



Size of Heat Flues 

Rule io. {With fan blower.) 

One square foot cross sectional area in heat 
flue for each 50,000 cubic feet of air admitted 
into the room in one hour. 

[Without fan blower.) 

One square foot cross sectional area for each 
15,000 cubic feet admitted into upper story 
rooms in one hour. Double this area for first 
story rooms. 



Vent Flues 

Rule ii. The vent flues should be of 
same cross sectional area as the heat flues 
except in the case of first story vent flues 
which should be one-half the area of the first 
story heat flues. 

Note. When the vent fan is omitted the 
vent flues should never be carried straight 
through the roof. Always empty the vent 
flues into the roof space or attic and place ven- 
tilators on the roof for the discharge of the 
foul air. 



17 



Registers 

Rule 12. (Heat and vent.) The register 
should be one and three quarters times as 
large as the cross sectional area of the flue. 

Rule 13. Position of Heat Register. 

The heat register should be placed approxi- 
mately 8 feet above the floor line. 

Rule 14. Position of Vent Registers. One 
vent register should be placed near the floor 
line and one near the ceiling line. Have 
means of closing the upper vent register. 

Air Ducts 

Rule 15. The size of ducts depends on 
the amount of air to be passed, the length of 
the ducts, the number of bends, and the type 
of fan blowers used. 

For Short Straight Ducts (with a forward 
direction cone fan) 1 square foot of cross 
sectional area for each 100,000 cubic feet of 
air delivered per hour. 

For Long Ducts with complicated turns and 
elbows there is no set rule, they should be 
carefully designed by an expert. Friction is a 
large factor in passing air long distances 
through ducts. 

18 



Fans 

There are three general types of fans or 
blowers used for heating and ventilating. 

First. The paddle wheel type of blower^ 
which is an unnecessarily expensive fan for 
heating purposes. 

Second. The cone pressure fan, generally 
known as the Forward-Direction Cone Fan, is 
the ideal type for heating and ventilating. 

Third. The exhaust fan used for exhaust- 
ing air in quantities against low pressures, such 
as the Wing and Balckman type. 



Sizes 

Table of sizes of forward direction cone fan 
for heating and ventilating. . 

Amount of air delivered per hour against 
one inch water pressure. 



Quantity of Air. 


Diam. of Fan. 


Size of Motor. 


200,000 cubic feet 


48 inch 


\Y* HP 


500,000 " 


60 " 


3 HP 


750,000 " 


72 " 


A l A HP 


1, 000,000 " 


84 " 


6 HP 


1,500,000 " 


90 " 


9 HP 


2,000,000 " 


96 « 


12 HP 



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Amount of Air Required for 
Ventilation 

For Schools 

2,000 cubic feet of air per hour, per pupil. 

For Theatres 

1,000 cubic feet of air per hour, per person, 
is considered fair. 

For Hospitals 

(Small single rooms.) 

The air should be changed in the room 
about four times each hour. 

Hospitals. (Large wards, if crowded.) 
Change the air six times per hour. 

For Banks, Post Offices, Printing 
Establishments, Factories 

and other indoor places where many people work 
in close proximity to each other. 

For each person 3,000 cubic feet of fresh air 
per hour is not excessive. 

Note. It is difficult to prevent draughts 
with so large a quantity of air. 

no 



Piping 

The successful working, the economical 
running and the comfort to be derived from 
the heating apparatus depends chiefly upon 
the piping work. It must be designed not 
only as to proper sizes but as to the method 
of installation. 

No two plans are exactly alike and every 
plant requires special design. 

It is impossible in a brief space to give any 
broad rules for sizes of piping. 

If the Architect desires to designate the 
size piping accurately, I would refer to Mr. 
Baldwin's tables in cc Steam Heating for 
Buildings" and in "Hot Water Heating and 
Fitting." 

The details of installation must be either 
designed by an Engineer or left to the Con- 
tractor. The results as a rule are varied and 
sometimes disastrous. 



21 



In closing this booklet I offer no apology for 
omissions or brevity. Its mission will have 
been accomplished if it does nothing more than 
save you an occasional half hour of a busy day ; 
and when you are perplexed over any heating 
and ventilating problem, do not hesitate to call 
upon me. Anything you direct to my care 
will have my personal attention, either in 
assisting with specification or design or the 
installation of any work you favor me with. 

Wm. J. BALDWIN, Jr. 



22 



WM. J. BALDWIN, Jr. 

Heating and Ventilating 
Engineer 

The Baldwin Heating 
Company 

HEATING and VENTILATING 
CONTRACTOR 

Power Plants 

Air Cooling and Vacuum Cleaning Apparatus 

Designs, Specifications and Plans 
Furnished 



Office: 1181 Broadway, NEW YORK 

Telephone Connection 
Shop : JERSEY CITY, N. J. 



23 



Ind 



ex 



HEATING SYSTEMS best suited for 



Page 

Residences 4 

Schools 5 

Churches 6 

Theatres 7 

Dormitories 7 

Hospitals . . 8 

Office Buildings 8 



Page 

Lofts 8 

Factories 8 

Hotels 9 

Apartment Houses 9 

Garage 9 

Conservatories 9 

Green Houses 9 



RULES FOR SIZES of 



Page 

Radiators, Steam 11 

" Hot Water. . 12 

* € Indirect .... 12 

Tempering Stacks 13 

Chimneys 14 

Grates 15 

Boiler 16 



Pa 

Flues, Heat 17 

Flues, Vent 17 

Registers 18 

Ducts 18 

Fans 19 

Piping 21 




VENTILATING SYSTEMS for 



Page Page 

Schools 20 J Hospitals 20 

Theatres 20 Banks 20 



24 



For Heating and all 
Low Pressure Steam Work 



The Gurney Boilers 

are THE BEST 



GURNEY 

HEATER MANUFACTURING 

COMPANY 

BOSTON NEW YORK 



2 5 



